The objective of the experiment carried out during the years 2001-2003 in the greenhouse and in the field was to determine the influence of drought on some components of yielding structure, seed yield, oil content, fatty acid content and protein content in Polish soybean cultivars. The results indicate that the largest number of pods was received, irrespective of the conditions of growth, from Nawiko and Mazowia cultivars, and the lowest from Aldana and Jutro. The drought conditions applied significantly reduced the production of pods and had no effect on the number of seeds in pods. In the pot experiment a significant influence of drought on the weight of 1000 seeds was also observed. The highest weight of seeds, in both experiments, was received from Polan, Nawiko and Mazowia cvs. Periodical drought reduced the seed yield by 49.1% in the pot experiment and by 19.8% in the field, however the drop of the seed weight of Polan, Progres, Mazowia, Gaj and Nawiko was lesser than that of Aldana and Jutro. The highest content of oil, irrespective of the level of soil moisture, was recorded for the seeds of Aldana and Jutro, in the pot experiment on average at 17.7% and in the field experiment at 14.9%. The periodic water deficiency caused a decrease of oil content in soybean seeds of all tested cultivars, in the pot experiment by 2.3% and in the field by 0.7%, in the highest degree in seeds of Nawiko, Progres and Polan. The conditions of drought increased the saturated fatty acid content and decreased unsaturated fatty acid content, by 3.5% and 13.6% respectively. The decrease of unsaturated fatty acid content related to the greatest degree to the seeds of Mazowia (by 28.2%) and Gaj (by 22.6%). The highest protein content was observed in the seeds of Gaj cv. (mean 41.4%) and Polan cv. (mean 40.8%), while the lowest was found in Mazowia cv. (mean 37.9%) and Jutro cv. (mean 38.5%). Periodical drought increased the protein content in soybean seeds.